• Pulp/ mesocarp which contains the most palm oil
• Kernel which contains the best quality palm kernal oil
• Shell/ endocarp which does not contain oil

• Glycerol
• Fatty acids

• Fats
• Vitamins
• Antioxidants
• Substances in palm oil which constitute less than 1%

• Cooking oil
• Vegetable oil
• Margerine
• Chocolate
• Supplements 
• Cosmestic
• Soap

• Oil + Alkali → Fatty acid salt (soap) + glycerol
• Molecular components of soap
  • hydrophilic part which can dissolve in water
  • hydrophobic part which cannot dissolve in water but can dissolve in oil or grease
• Cleansing action of soap

When soap dissolves in water, the surface tension of water is reduced

↓

The hydrophobic part of the soap molecules dissolve and attach to the greasy dirt on the cloth &

the hydrophilic part dissolve in water

↓

Scrubbing and brushing the cloth will dislodge the greasy dirt from the cloth surface to form greasy droplets

↓

These greasy droplets surrounded by soap molecules and suspended in soapy water

↓

Soap bubbles produced by soapy water trap greasy droplets in the soapy water

↓

When soapy water and bubbles are removed during rinsing, the greasy dirt will be removed

• Pulp/ mesocarp which contains the most palm oil
• Kernel which contains the best quality palm kernal oil
• Shell/ endocarp which does not contain oil

• Glycerol
• Fatty acids

• Fats
• Vitamins
• Antioxidants
• Substances in palm oil which constitute less than 1%

• Cooking oil
• Vegetable oil
• Margerine
• Chocolate
• Supplements 
• Cosmestic
• Soap

• Oil + Alkali → Fatty acid salt (soap) + glycerol
• Molecular components of soap
  • hydrophilic part which can dissolve in water
  • hydrophobic part which cannot dissolve in water but can dissolve in oil or grease
• Cleansing action of soap

When soap dissolves in water, the surface tension of water is reduced

↓

The hydrophobic part of the soap molecules dissolve and attach to the greasy dirt on the cloth &

the hydrophilic part dissolve in water

↓

Scrubbing and brushing the cloth will dislodge the greasy dirt from the cloth surface to form greasy droplets

↓

These greasy droplets surrounded by soap molecules and suspended in soapy water

↓

Soap bubbles produced by soapy water trap greasy droplets in the soapy water

↓

When soapy water and bubbles are removed during rinsing, the greasy dirt will be removed