Download App
Google Android
Apple iOS
Huawei
English
English
Malay
Guest
Login
Register
Home
Quiz
Battle
Practice
Class
Classes List
Timetable
Assignments
Learn
Learning Hub
Quick Notes
Videos
Experiments
Textbooks
Login
Register
Download App
Google Android
Apple iOS
Huawei
EN
MS
Learn
Quick Notes
List
Movement and Locomotion
Movement and Locomotion
14.3
Movement and Locomotion
Actions between skeletal muscles and bones at joint causing movement
Movements of arm and leg are due to the actions of antagonistic pair of skeletal muscle
Movements of arm:
Bending of the arm
Straightening of the arm
Biceps contracts, triceps relax
Action of muscles
Triceps contracts, biceps relax
Transmits pulling force exerted by biceps to the radius
Tendon
Transmits pulling force exerted by triceps to the ulna
Radius is pulled upwards
Bone
The ulna is pulled downwards
Holds bones together to form a joint
Ligament
Holds bones together to form a joint
forearm moves upwards to bend the arm
Joint
The forearm moves downwards to straighten the arm
Movements of leg:
Bending of the leg
Straightening of the leg
Biceps femoris contracts and quadriceps relaxes
Action of muscles
Quadriceps contract and biceps femoris relaxes
Transmits pulling force exerted by biceps femoris to tibia and fibula
Tendon
Transmits pulling force exerted by quadriceps to tibia
Tibia and fibula are pulled backward
Bone
Tibia and fibula are pulled forward
The leg is bent at knee joint
Joint
The leg is straightened
Locomotions in Animals:
Locomotion in earthworm
Characteristics
Has
antagonistic muscles
: circular muscle, longitudinal muscle.
Hydrostatic skeleton: contraction and relaxation of antagonistic muscles raise hydrostatic pressure of the fluid in the coelom
Chaetae: fine hooks which anchor to the ground
Mechanism of location and functions
Posterior chaetae anchor the ground. Circular muscles in the anterior contract and the longitudinal muscles relax, producing high hydrostatic pressure. These cause the anterior segment to extend forward
Anterior chaetae anchor the ground. Posterior chaetae are withdrawn. Circular muscles in the anterior relax and longitudinal muscles contract, producing low hydrostatic pressure. These cause the posterior segments to be pulled forward
Continuos process -
Peristaltic waves
enable earthworms to move forward
Locomotion in fish
Characteristics
Scaly and slimly body to reduce water resistance
W-shaped
antagonistic
muscle blocks are arranged in segments on both sides of a vertebral column named myotomes
Swim bladder: an air sac inside the abdomen to maintain buoyancy
Dorsal and ventral fins - prevent yawning and rolling
Tail fin - forward thrust
Paired fin (pelvic and pectoral fins) - steering, prevent pitching
Mechanism of locomotion and function
Right myotomes contract, left myotomes to relax
Head and tail will bend to the right
Right myotomes relax, left myotomes contract
Head and tail will bend to the left
Continuous contraction and relaxation of muscles allow fish to move their tail
The tail movement creates a forward thrust
Locomotion in grasshopper:
Characteristics
Antagonistic muscles:
Flexor muscles
Extensor muscles:
Found inside the internal structure of the exoskeleton
The hind legs are bigger and longer for jumping
Movement is produced by contraction and relaxation of these muscles
Mechanism of locomotion and function
Jumping:
At rest, flexor muscles
contract,
hind legs folded in the shape of "Z"
Extensor muscles contract and hind legs straighten
Grasshopper jumps forward and upwards
Movement and Locomotion
14.3
Movement and Locomotion
Actions between skeletal muscles and bones at joint causing movement
Movements of arm and leg are due to the actions of antagonistic pair of skeletal muscle
Movements of arm:
Bending of the arm
Straightening of the arm
Biceps contracts, triceps relax
Action of muscles
Triceps contracts, biceps relax
Transmits pulling force exerted by biceps to the radius
Tendon
Transmits pulling force exerted by triceps to the ulna
Radius is pulled upwards
Bone
The ulna is pulled downwards
Holds bones together to form a joint
Ligament
Holds bones together to form a joint
forearm moves upwards to bend the arm
Joint
The forearm moves downwards to straighten the arm
Movements of leg:
Bending of the leg
Straightening of the leg
Biceps femoris contracts and quadriceps relaxes
Action of muscles
Quadriceps contract and biceps femoris relaxes
Transmits pulling force exerted by biceps femoris to tibia and fibula
Tendon
Transmits pulling force exerted by quadriceps to tibia
Tibia and fibula are pulled backward
Bone
Tibia and fibula are pulled forward
The leg is bent at knee joint
Joint
The leg is straightened
Locomotions in Animals:
Locomotion in earthworm
Characteristics
Has
antagonistic muscles
: circular muscle, longitudinal muscle.
Hydrostatic skeleton: contraction and relaxation of antagonistic muscles raise hydrostatic pressure of the fluid in the coelom
Chaetae: fine hooks which anchor to the ground
Mechanism of location and functions
Posterior chaetae anchor the ground. Circular muscles in the anterior contract and the longitudinal muscles relax, producing high hydrostatic pressure. These cause the anterior segment to extend forward
Anterior chaetae anchor the ground. Posterior chaetae are withdrawn. Circular muscles in the anterior relax and longitudinal muscles contract, producing low hydrostatic pressure. These cause the posterior segments to be pulled forward
Continuos process -
Peristaltic waves
enable earthworms to move forward
Locomotion in fish
Characteristics
Scaly and slimly body to reduce water resistance
W-shaped
antagonistic
muscle blocks are arranged in segments on both sides of a vertebral column named myotomes
Swim bladder: an air sac inside the abdomen to maintain buoyancy
Dorsal and ventral fins - prevent yawning and rolling
Tail fin - forward thrust
Paired fin (pelvic and pectoral fins) - steering, prevent pitching
Mechanism of locomotion and function
Right myotomes contract, left myotomes to relax
Head and tail will bend to the right
Right myotomes relax, left myotomes contract
Head and tail will bend to the left
Continuous contraction and relaxation of muscles allow fish to move their tail
The tail movement creates a forward thrust
Locomotion in grasshopper:
Characteristics
Antagonistic muscles:
Flexor muscles
Extensor muscles:
Found inside the internal structure of the exoskeleton
The hind legs are bigger and longer for jumping
Movement is produced by contraction and relaxation of these muscles
Mechanism of locomotion and function
Jumping:
At rest, flexor muscles
contract,
hind legs folded in the shape of "Z"
Extensor muscles contract and hind legs straighten
Grasshopper jumps forward and upwards
Chapter : Support and Locomotion in Humans and Animals
Topic : Movement and Locomotion
Form 4
Biology
View all notes for Biology Form 4
Related notes
Types of Skeleton
Musculoskeletal System of Humans
Health Issue Related to the Human Musculoskeletal System
Biological Field and Career
Safety and Rules in Biological Laboratory
Communication in Biology
Scientific Investigation in Biology
Cell Structure and Cell Function
Living Processes in Unicellular Organisms
Living Processes of Multicellular Organisms
Report this note
Quiz Battle
Challenge your friend in timed Quiz battle
Learn more
Register for a free Pandai account now
Edit content
×
Loading...
Quiz
Videos
Notes
Account