1. Axial skeleton 

• Skull 
  • Skulls are made up of flat bones joined by sutures (immovable joints).
  • Skull is the framework of the face and support the teeth.
  • The lower jaw (mandible) is movable and allow mouth opening and closing.
  • The cranium protects the brain.

• Ribcage (Sternum & ribs)
  • 12 pairs of ribs articulate with the sternum and thoracic vertebrae.
  • Ribs and sternum form a cage to protect the heart and lungs.
  • The sternum is a flattened, narrow bone and ribs are curved bones.

• Vertebral column
  • Consist of 33 vertebrae attached to form a strong & flexible column. There are 5 types of vertebrae.
  • It protects the spinal cord, support the head, provides a base for back muscle attachment and provides an articulating surface for ribs and pelvic girdle.

• Has large neural canal
• No centrum
• Has two transverse foramina - allow arterioles to pass through brain
• Support the skull

• Odontoid process extends into ventral part of the neural canal of atlas and acts as pivot to allow the head to move side-to-side
• Has two transverse foramina
• Side-to-side head movement

• Broad and short transverse process
• Broad centrum
• Has two transverse foramina
• Support head and neck
• Attachment for neck muscles
• Has a short spinous process

• Has long spinous process which points backwards
• Support rib bones to form the rib cage and provide surface for attachment of muscles to the transverse process and centrum
• Muscle attachment to support head and neck
• Large and thick centrum
• Long transverse process

• The largest and strongest vertebra in the vertebral column
• Large and thick centrum
• Transverse process is long and flat
• Spinous process is short
• The large centrum supports the weight of the lower back

• Five bones fused together forming a broad
• Coccyx is formed by fusion of four vetebrae bones
• Balances and supports sitting position

• Bone attached together by fibrous connective tissue 
• No movement is allowed 
• These joints are categorised as sutures

• Bone attached together by cartilage 
• Movements are limited

• Bones joint together with synovial fluid 
• Movement in one plane or all planes
• These joints are known as synovial joints

• Characteristics: 
  • Not elastic 
  • Strong 
  • Connective tissue
• Function 
  • Joins muscle to bones
  • Transmits pulling force exerted by contraction of muscles to the bone and pull it up

• Characteristics 
  • Elastic 
  • Strong 
  • Connective tissue 
  • Flexible 
• Functions:
  • Join bone to bone 
  • Hold joints together 
  • Prevent dislocation 
  • Allow limited movement 

• Characteristic
  • A pair of muscles that work together 
  • When contracts, the other relaxes 
  • Examples: Biceps and triceps of the arm
• Functions: 
  • Exert pulling force onto bone 
  • Support movement and locomotion

1. Axial skeleton 

• Skull 
  • Skulls are made up of flat bones joined by sutures (immovable joints).
  • Skull is the framework of the face and support the teeth.
  • The lower jaw (mandible) is movable and allow mouth opening and closing.
  • The cranium protects the brain.

• Ribcage (Sternum & ribs)
  • 12 pairs of ribs articulate with the sternum and thoracic vertebrae.
  • Ribs and sternum form a cage to protect the heart and lungs.
  • The sternum is a flattened, narrow bone and ribs are curved bones.

• Vertebral column
  • Consist of 33 vertebrae attached to form a strong & flexible column. There are 5 types of vertebrae.
  • It protects the spinal cord, support the head, provides a base for back muscle attachment and provides an articulating surface for ribs and pelvic girdle.

• Has large neural canal
• No centrum
• Has two transverse foramina - allow arterioles to pass through brain
• Support the skull

• Odontoid process extends into ventral part of the neural canal of atlas and acts as pivot to allow the head to move side-to-side
• Has two transverse foramina
• Side-to-side head movement

• Broad and short transverse process
• Broad centrum
• Has two transverse foramina
• Support head and neck
• Attachment for neck muscles
• Has a short spinous process

• Has long spinous process which points backwards
• Support rib bones to form the rib cage and provide surface for attachment of muscles to the transverse process and centrum
• Muscle attachment to support head and neck
• Large and thick centrum
• Long transverse process

• The largest and strongest vertebra in the vertebral column
• Large and thick centrum
• Transverse process is long and flat
• Spinous process is short
• The large centrum supports the weight of the lower back

• Five bones fused together forming a broad
• Coccyx is formed by fusion of four vetebrae bones
• Balances and supports sitting position

• Bone attached together by fibrous connective tissue 
• No movement is allowed 
• These joints are categorised as sutures

• Bone attached together by cartilage 
• Movements are limited

• Bones joint together with synovial fluid 
• Movement in one plane or all planes
• These joints are known as synovial joints

• Characteristics: 
  • Not elastic 
  • Strong 
  • Connective tissue
• Function 
  • Joins muscle to bones
  • Transmits pulling force exerted by contraction of muscles to the bone and pull it up

• Characteristics 
  • Elastic 
  • Strong 
  • Connective tissue 
  • Flexible 
• Functions:
  • Join bone to bone 
  • Hold joints together 
  • Prevent dislocation 
  • Allow limited movement 

• Characteristic
  • A pair of muscles that work together 
  • When contracts, the other relaxes 
  • Examples: Biceps and triceps of the arm
• Functions: 
  • Exert pulling force onto bone 
  • Support movement and locomotion