• Used to record and present the data.
• Used to organize data systematically and make the data comparison become easy.
• The headings in the table consist of the manipulated variable and the responding variable with the respective unit.
• The manipulated variable is placed in the column on the left side.
• The responding variable is placed in the column on the right side.

• To shows the relationship between the manipulated variable and responding variable.
• There are several types of graphs such as line graphs, bar charts and histograms.

• The responding variable is represented by the vertical axis (y-axis) and the manipulated variable is represented by the horizontal axis (x-axis).
• The scaling on the axis must be uniform.
• Mark the points with an appropriate symbol such as ‘x’.
• Title the graph: “Graph (responding variable) versus (manipulated variable)”.

• Draw two axes, the horizontal axis/X to represent the manipulated variable and the vertical axis/Y to represent the responding variable.
• Each width of the bar needs to be uniform.
• The bar height depends on the frequency of the data.
• Bar charts are used to make comparisons between two or more items at a time.

• Draw two axes where the horizontal axis/X represents the data that has been divided into groups according to the appropriate range while the vertical axis/Y shows the frequency.
• Insert labels and units on the axes.
• The size or width of the bars must be the same for all class gap with no spacing between the bars.

• Give an accurate representation of an observed specimen.

Characteristics of biological drawings:

• Large and accurate; use a sharp pencil and not a colour pencil or pen
• Not shaded artistically.
• Lines drawn must be clear, clean and continuous.
• Do not use a ruler to draw the outline of a specimen.
• Drawings must be labelled.
• Label lines must point to the correct structure, no arrowheads, must be straight and not cross each other.
• Drawings must have titles.
• Each structure in the drawing must be placed in the correct position, and its size should be proportionate to the rest of the structures.
• Consists of plan drawing and detailed drawing.
• Must include the magnification factor: \(\dfrac{\text{The length of drawing in cm}}{\text{The length of specimen in cm}}\)

• The plane refers to a flat surface of shadow passing through the body.

Consists of:

• Sagittal plane (divides the body into right and left parts)
• Frontal plane (divides the body into frontal and rear parts)
• Horizontal plane (divides the body into upper and lower parts)

• Cross section divides the structure into upper and lower portions horizontally while longitudinal section divides the structure into left and right portions.

• Direction consists of anterior, ventral, posterior, dorsal, superior, inferior and lateral.

• Used to record and present the data.
• Used to organize data systematically and make the data comparison become easy.
• The headings in the table consist of the manipulated variable and the responding variable with the respective unit.
• The manipulated variable is placed in the column on the left side.
• The responding variable is placed in the column on the right side.

• To shows the relationship between the manipulated variable and responding variable.
• There are several types of graphs such as line graphs, bar charts and histograms.

• The responding variable is represented by the vertical axis (y-axis) and the manipulated variable is represented by the horizontal axis (x-axis).
• The scaling on the axis must be uniform.
• Mark the points with an appropriate symbol such as ‘x’.
• Title the graph: “Graph (responding variable) versus (manipulated variable)”.

• Draw two axes, the horizontal axis/X to represent the manipulated variable and the vertical axis/Y to represent the responding variable.
• Each width of the bar needs to be uniform.
• The bar height depends on the frequency of the data.
• Bar charts are used to make comparisons between two or more items at a time.

• Draw two axes where the horizontal axis/X represents the data that has been divided into groups according to the appropriate range while the vertical axis/Y shows the frequency.
• Insert labels and units on the axes.
• The size or width of the bars must be the same for all class gap with no spacing between the bars.

• Give an accurate representation of an observed specimen.

Characteristics of biological drawings:

• Large and accurate; use a sharp pencil and not a colour pencil or pen
• Not shaded artistically.
• Lines drawn must be clear, clean and continuous.
• Do not use a ruler to draw the outline of a specimen.
• Drawings must be labelled.
• Label lines must point to the correct structure, no arrowheads, must be straight and not cross each other.
• Drawings must have titles.
• Each structure in the drawing must be placed in the correct position, and its size should be proportionate to the rest of the structures.
• Consists of plan drawing and detailed drawing.
• Must include the magnification factor: \(\dfrac{\text{The length of drawing in cm}}{\text{The length of specimen in cm}}\)

• The plane refers to a flat surface of shadow passing through the body.

Consists of:

• Sagittal plane (divides the body into right and left parts)
• Frontal plane (divides the body into frontal and rear parts)
• Horizontal plane (divides the body into upper and lower parts)

• Cross section divides the structure into upper and lower portions horizontally while longitudinal section divides the structure into left and right portions.

• Direction consists of anterior, ventral, posterior, dorsal, superior, inferior and lateral.