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Levels of Organisation

2.4 Levels of Organisation
 
Introduction
  • Each multicellular organism is made up of many organs
  • Different organs work together to carry out a specific function to form an organ system
  • All the organ systems are coordinated and collaborated as one complete organism
  • The sequence of the organisation of cells in a multicellular organism is shown below
 
This image illustrates the levels of organization in a biological context. It shows a hierarchical structure starting from the smallest unit to the largest. The levels are: 1. Cell 2. Tissue 3. Organ 4. System 5. Organism Each level is represented by an orange oval shape connected by arrows, indicating the progression from one level to the next.
 
Main Organ System in Human
Endocrine System
  • The endocrine gland that secretes hormones
  • Main function: coordinates body activities with the nervous system
Respiratory System
  • Trachea, nose, lungs and diaphragm
  • Main function: exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide gases between the body and external environment
Muscular System
  • Skeletal muscles, smooth muscles and cardiac muscles
  • Main function: contracts and relaxes to produce movements in different parts of the body
Lymphatic System
  • Spleen, lymph nodes and lymph vessels
  • Main function: maintains balance of bodily fluids and prevents infectious diseases
Male Reproductive System
  • Testes, prostate gland and penis
  • Main function: produces sperm and male sex hormone
Female Reproductive System
  • Ovary, uterus, Fallopian tube, vagina and cervix
  • Main function: produces ovum and female sex hormones
Nervous System
  • Brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves
  • Main function: detects and sends information in the body, as well as coordinates body activities
Blood Circulatory System
  • Heart, artery, vein and blood capillary
  • Main function: transports nutrients, respiratory gases and waste products
Digestive System
  • Mouth, oesophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small intestine and large intestine
  • Main function: digests food into a simpler form for easy absorption
Urinary System
  • Kidney, ureter, urethra and bladder
  • Main function: eliminates waste products such as urea and uric acid from the body
Skeletal System
  • Bone, cartilage, ligament and tendon
  • Main function: supports the body, protects the internal organs and provides a base for muscle adhesion
Integumentary System
  • Skin
  • Main function: protects the body from physical injury, infection and dehydration
 
Main Organ System in Plants
Shoot System
  • The shoot system consists of stems, leaves, shoots, flowers and fruits
  • Stems and twigs are support systems that support the leaves at a vertical position to allow maximum absorption of sunlight during photosynthesis
  • Flowers are involved in the pollination process
Root System
  • The root system consists of all roots in a plant that function in absorbing water and mineral salts as well as providing support for plants
The views expressed in the notes here are those of the contributor and don’t necessarily represent the views of pandai.

Levels of Organisation

2.4 Levels of Organisation
 
Introduction
  • Each multicellular organism is made up of many organs
  • Different organs work together to carry out a specific function to form an organ system
  • All the organ systems are coordinated and collaborated as one complete organism
  • The sequence of the organisation of cells in a multicellular organism is shown below
 
This image illustrates the levels of organization in a biological context. It shows a hierarchical structure starting from the smallest unit to the largest. The levels are: 1. Cell 2. Tissue 3. Organ 4. System 5. Organism Each level is represented by an orange oval shape connected by arrows, indicating the progression from one level to the next.
 
Main Organ System in Human
Endocrine System
  • The endocrine gland that secretes hormones
  • Main function: coordinates body activities with the nervous system
Respiratory System
  • Trachea, nose, lungs and diaphragm
  • Main function: exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide gases between the body and external environment
Muscular System
  • Skeletal muscles, smooth muscles and cardiac muscles
  • Main function: contracts and relaxes to produce movements in different parts of the body
Lymphatic System
  • Spleen, lymph nodes and lymph vessels
  • Main function: maintains balance of bodily fluids and prevents infectious diseases
Male Reproductive System
  • Testes, prostate gland and penis
  • Main function: produces sperm and male sex hormone
Female Reproductive System
  • Ovary, uterus, Fallopian tube, vagina and cervix
  • Main function: produces ovum and female sex hormones
Nervous System
  • Brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves
  • Main function: detects and sends information in the body, as well as coordinates body activities
Blood Circulatory System
  • Heart, artery, vein and blood capillary
  • Main function: transports nutrients, respiratory gases and waste products
Digestive System
  • Mouth, oesophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small intestine and large intestine
  • Main function: digests food into a simpler form for easy absorption
Urinary System
  • Kidney, ureter, urethra and bladder
  • Main function: eliminates waste products such as urea and uric acid from the body
Skeletal System
  • Bone, cartilage, ligament and tendon
  • Main function: supports the body, protects the internal organs and provides a base for muscle adhesion
Integumentary System
  • Skin
  • Main function: protects the body from physical injury, infection and dehydration
 
Main Organ System in Plants
Shoot System
  • The shoot system consists of stems, leaves, shoots, flowers and fruits
  • Stems and twigs are support systems that support the leaves at a vertical position to allow maximum absorption of sunlight during photosynthesis
  • Flowers are involved in the pollination process
Root System
  • The root system consists of all roots in a plant that function in absorbing water and mineral salts as well as providing support for plants
The views expressed in the notes here are those of the contributor and don’t necessarily represent the views of pandai.
Chapter : Cell Biology and Cell Organisation
Topic : Levels of Organisation
Form 4 Biology
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