Lymphatic System

10.7 Human Lymphatic System
 
The Formation of Tissue Fluid
  • Blood that reaches the arterial end of the blood capillary has a high pressure due to the small diameter of capillaries and the pumping force of the heart.
  • This pressure allows the blood plasma to diffuse continuously from the blood capillaries to the intercellular space.
  • Blood plasma that occupies the intercellular space and constantly bathes cells is called tissue fluid.
  • The tissue fluid does not contain any erythrocyte, platelet and plasma protein because these are too large to diffuse out of the blood capillaries.
  • Tissue fluid allows the exchange of materials in the blood and cells to occur.
  • Nutrients and oxygen diffuse from tissue fluid to body cells.
  • Simultaneously, excretory products and carbon dioxide diffuse from body cells to blood capillaries through the tissue fluid.
 
Lymph Formation and Components of The Lymphatic System
  • At the venule end of the blood capillary, blood plasma is hypertonic compared to the tissue fluid surrounding it.
  • Blood pressure is also lower.
  • As a result, the reabsorption of water, mineral salts and waste takes place in the venule capillary.
  • However, only 85% of the fluid that leaves the blood at the arteriole end of blood capillary diffuses back into the venule end.
  • The remaining 15% of the fluids forms about 4 litres of fluid that is lost from capillaries each day. 
  • This lost fluid is collected and returned to the blood through the lymphatic capillary, which is the smallesr vessel in the lymphatic system.
  • This fluid is known as lymph and is pale yellow in colour.
  • The lymphatic capillary wall consists of one layer of cells only.
  • The lymphatic capillary differs from blood capillary because one of its end is blocked or closed while the other end is connected to the lymphatic vessel.
  • Lymphatic capillaries found in intercellular spaces merge to form a larger lymphatic vessel.
  • Along the lymphatic vessel, there are lymph nodes at certain distances.
  • The lymphatic system consists of organs such as lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland, bone marrow, tonsils and appendix.
  • The lymphatic system does not have its own pump to circulate the lymph along the lymphatic vessel.
  • The flow of lymph is aided by heartbeat pulse, contraction of skeletal muscles, peristalsis in the digestive tract and changes in pressure during inhalation and exhalation of breath.
  • In the lymphatic vessel, one-way valves ensure the lymph flows continuously to the heart. These valves also prevent the lymph from flowing back.
 
Relationship between The Blood Circulatory System and The Lymphatic System
  • All lymphatic vessels will eventually join with one of the two main lymphatic vessels which are the thoracic duct dan right lymphatic duct.
  • The right lymphatic duct receives lymph from the right hand, chest and right side of the head and neck.
  • The thoracic duct receives lymph from the left side of the head, neck and chest, and all the body parts below the ribs.
  • The thoracic duct will deliver its contents into the left subclavian vein while the right lymphatic duct will transport lymph into the right subclavian vein.
  • So the lymph collected from the whole body will flow back into the blood circulatory system. 
 
 
The Necessity of The Lymphatic System
Body Defence
  • Lymph nodes produce and store lymphocytes that are involved in the production of antibodies.
Complements of The Blood Circulatory System
  • The lymphatic system returns the excess tissue fluid in the intercellular space into the blood flow.
  • The composition, pressure and volume of blood are maintained at a normal range.
Transportation of Fat-Soluble Substances
  • Fats and fat-soluble substances diffuse into the lacteal in the villus of the small intestine.
  • Lacteals are lymphatic capillaries.
  • Lipid droplets are transported to the thoracic duct and blood circulatory system through the left subclavian vein.

Lymphatic System

10.7 Human Lymphatic System
 
The Formation of Tissue Fluid
  • Blood that reaches the arterial end of the blood capillary has a high pressure due to the small diameter of capillaries and the pumping force of the heart.
  • This pressure allows the blood plasma to diffuse continuously from the blood capillaries to the intercellular space.
  • Blood plasma that occupies the intercellular space and constantly bathes cells is called tissue fluid.
  • The tissue fluid does not contain any erythrocyte, platelet and plasma protein because these are too large to diffuse out of the blood capillaries.
  • Tissue fluid allows the exchange of materials in the blood and cells to occur.
  • Nutrients and oxygen diffuse from tissue fluid to body cells.
  • Simultaneously, excretory products and carbon dioxide diffuse from body cells to blood capillaries through the tissue fluid.
 
Lymph Formation and Components of The Lymphatic System
  • At the venule end of the blood capillary, blood plasma is hypertonic compared to the tissue fluid surrounding it.
  • Blood pressure is also lower.
  • As a result, the reabsorption of water, mineral salts and waste takes place in the venule capillary.
  • However, only 85% of the fluid that leaves the blood at the arteriole end of blood capillary diffuses back into the venule end.
  • The remaining 15% of the fluids forms about 4 litres of fluid that is lost from capillaries each day. 
  • This lost fluid is collected and returned to the blood through the lymphatic capillary, which is the smallesr vessel in the lymphatic system.
  • This fluid is known as lymph and is pale yellow in colour.
  • The lymphatic capillary wall consists of one layer of cells only.
  • The lymphatic capillary differs from blood capillary because one of its end is blocked or closed while the other end is connected to the lymphatic vessel.
  • Lymphatic capillaries found in intercellular spaces merge to form a larger lymphatic vessel.
  • Along the lymphatic vessel, there are lymph nodes at certain distances.
  • The lymphatic system consists of organs such as lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland, bone marrow, tonsils and appendix.
  • The lymphatic system does not have its own pump to circulate the lymph along the lymphatic vessel.
  • The flow of lymph is aided by heartbeat pulse, contraction of skeletal muscles, peristalsis in the digestive tract and changes in pressure during inhalation and exhalation of breath.
  • In the lymphatic vessel, one-way valves ensure the lymph flows continuously to the heart. These valves also prevent the lymph from flowing back.
 
Relationship between The Blood Circulatory System and The Lymphatic System
  • All lymphatic vessels will eventually join with one of the two main lymphatic vessels which are the thoracic duct dan right lymphatic duct.
  • The right lymphatic duct receives lymph from the right hand, chest and right side of the head and neck.
  • The thoracic duct receives lymph from the left side of the head, neck and chest, and all the body parts below the ribs.
  • The thoracic duct will deliver its contents into the left subclavian vein while the right lymphatic duct will transport lymph into the right subclavian vein.
  • So the lymph collected from the whole body will flow back into the blood circulatory system. 
 
 
The Necessity of The Lymphatic System
Body Defence
  • Lymph nodes produce and store lymphocytes that are involved in the production of antibodies.
Complements of The Blood Circulatory System
  • The lymphatic system returns the excess tissue fluid in the intercellular space into the blood flow.
  • The composition, pressure and volume of blood are maintained at a normal range.
Transportation of Fat-Soluble Substances
  • Fats and fat-soluble substances diffuse into the lacteal in the villus of the small intestine.
  • Lacteals are lymphatic capillaries.
  • Lipid droplets are transported to the thoracic duct and blood circulatory system through the left subclavian vein.
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