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Types of Circulatory System
Types of Circulatory System
10.1
Types of Circulatory System
The Necessity for Transport Systems in Complex Multicellular Organisms
Each living cell requires essential substances such as oxygen and nutrients, and expels cellular waste products such as carbon dioxide and nitrogenous wastes.
Unicellular organisms have a small body mass.
Therefore, the total surface area to volume ratio (TSA/V) of the organism is large.
As such,
Amoeba
sp. does not require a specialised transport system to transport substances in and out of the cell.
Large complex multicellular organisms cannot obtain essential substances and expel wastes by diffusion because their TSA/V is small.
The distance between the external environment and the cell is too far for direct substance exchange.
To address this problem, multicellular organisms have an internal transportation system.
In vertebrates, the transportation system is called the blood circulatory system.
Types of Circulatory Systems in Multicellular Organisms
The circulatory system in multicellular organisms is divided into two types: open circulatory system and closed circulatory system.
Open Circulatory System
Circulatory System of Insects
The circulatory system of insects is an open circulatory system.
This means that one or more hearts pump haemolymph through the blood vessels into the haemocoel.
Haemolymph flows out from the heart into the haemocoel when the heart contracts.
In the haemocoel, substance exchange between haemolymph and body cells occurs through diffusion.
When the heart relaxes, haemolymph flows back into the heart through tiny openings called ostium.
Closed Circulatory System
Circulatory System of Fish
The heart of the fish has two chambers, that is, an atrium (plural: atria) and a ventricle.
Blood that leaves the ventricle is pumped to the gill capillaries to enable gaseous exchange.
The gill capillaries carry blood to the blood vessels that transport oxygenated blood to systemic capillaries.
In the systemic capillaries, oxygen diffuses into the tissues while carbon dioxide diffuses from the tissue into the capillaries.
The deoxygenated blood is then returned to the heart atrium through the veins.
As the blood flows in one direction, the fish circulatory system is known as a single circulatory system.
Circulatory System of Amphibians
The heart of an amphibian has three chambers, that is, two atria and a ventricle.
Unlike the single circulatory system of fish, blood flows in two directions: pulmocutaneous circulation and systemic circulation.
Therefore, this system is known as a double circulatory system.
Amphibians are said to have an incomplete double circulatory system because the deoxygenated blood and the oxygenated blood are mixed.
Pulmocutaneous circulation transports blood to the lungs and skin, and the exchange of gases takes place here.
Systemic circulation transports oxygenated blood to the body tissues and returns the deoxygenated blood to the right atrium through the veins.
Circulatory System of Humans
The human heart consists of four chambers: two atria and two ventricles that are separated completely.
Humans have a double circulatory system.
This means that in one complete circulatory cycle, blood flows in the blood vessels through the heart twice.
As there are two different circulations, humans are said to have a complete double circulatory system because the deoxygenated blood and the oxygenated blood do not mix.
Pulmonary Circulation:
Deoxygenated blood is transported through the pulmonary artery to the lungs for gaseous exchange.
Oxygenated blood from the lungs is returned to the left atrium and flows into the left ventricle.
Systemic Circulation:
Blood is pumped from the heart to all the body tissues through the aorta.
Then the deoxygenated blood returns to the right atrium through vena cava.
Similarities of Circulatory Systems in Complex Multicellular Organisms
The circulatory system is found in all multicellular organisms, consists of a heart to pump blood or haemolymph (in insects), functions to transport nutrients and wastes.
The heart has valves that ensure blood flows in one direction.
Types of Circulatory System
10.1
Types of Circulatory System
The Necessity for Transport Systems in Complex Multicellular Organisms
Each living cell requires essential substances such as oxygen and nutrients, and expels cellular waste products such as carbon dioxide and nitrogenous wastes.
Unicellular organisms have a small body mass.
Therefore, the total surface area to volume ratio (TSA/V) of the organism is large.
As such,
Amoeba
sp. does not require a specialised transport system to transport substances in and out of the cell.
Large complex multicellular organisms cannot obtain essential substances and expel wastes by diffusion because their TSA/V is small.
The distance between the external environment and the cell is too far for direct substance exchange.
To address this problem, multicellular organisms have an internal transportation system.
In vertebrates, the transportation system is called the blood circulatory system.
Types of Circulatory Systems in Multicellular Organisms
The circulatory system in multicellular organisms is divided into two types: open circulatory system and closed circulatory system.
Open Circulatory System
Circulatory System of Insects
The circulatory system of insects is an open circulatory system.
This means that one or more hearts pump haemolymph through the blood vessels into the haemocoel.
Haemolymph flows out from the heart into the haemocoel when the heart contracts.
In the haemocoel, substance exchange between haemolymph and body cells occurs through diffusion.
When the heart relaxes, haemolymph flows back into the heart through tiny openings called ostium.
Closed Circulatory System
Circulatory System of Fish
The heart of the fish has two chambers, that is, an atrium (plural: atria) and a ventricle.
Blood that leaves the ventricle is pumped to the gill capillaries to enable gaseous exchange.
The gill capillaries carry blood to the blood vessels that transport oxygenated blood to systemic capillaries.
In the systemic capillaries, oxygen diffuses into the tissues while carbon dioxide diffuses from the tissue into the capillaries.
The deoxygenated blood is then returned to the heart atrium through the veins.
As the blood flows in one direction, the fish circulatory system is known as a single circulatory system.
Circulatory System of Amphibians
The heart of an amphibian has three chambers, that is, two atria and a ventricle.
Unlike the single circulatory system of fish, blood flows in two directions: pulmocutaneous circulation and systemic circulation.
Therefore, this system is known as a double circulatory system.
Amphibians are said to have an incomplete double circulatory system because the deoxygenated blood and the oxygenated blood are mixed.
Pulmocutaneous circulation transports blood to the lungs and skin, and the exchange of gases takes place here.
Systemic circulation transports oxygenated blood to the body tissues and returns the deoxygenated blood to the right atrium through the veins.
Circulatory System of Humans
The human heart consists of four chambers: two atria and two ventricles that are separated completely.
Humans have a double circulatory system.
This means that in one complete circulatory cycle, blood flows in the blood vessels through the heart twice.
As there are two different circulations, humans are said to have a complete double circulatory system because the deoxygenated blood and the oxygenated blood do not mix.
Pulmonary Circulation:
Deoxygenated blood is transported through the pulmonary artery to the lungs for gaseous exchange.
Oxygenated blood from the lungs is returned to the left atrium and flows into the left ventricle.
Systemic Circulation:
Blood is pumped from the heart to all the body tissues through the aorta.
Then the deoxygenated blood returns to the right atrium through vena cava.
Similarities of Circulatory Systems in Complex Multicellular Organisms
The circulatory system is found in all multicellular organisms, consists of a heart to pump blood or haemolymph (in insects), functions to transport nutrients and wastes.
The heart has valves that ensure blood flows in one direction.
Chapter : Transportation in Humans and Animals
Topic : Types of Circulatory System
Form 4
Biology
View all notes for Biology Form 4
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