Support, Movement and Growth in Animals

6.1 Support, Movement and Growth in Animals
 
Skeleton

Skeleton is the support system for all types of animals

There are 3 types of support:

 

Support

 
Type of support Explanation and Example
Endoskeleton
  • Support all vertebrates
  • Made up of internal bones and cartilage
  • Example: Cat, frog, fish, crocodile
Exoskeleton
  • Support most invertebrate 
  • Consists of an outer layer of waxy chitin or shell
  • Example: Spider, prawn, scorpion, crab
Hydrostatic skeleton
  • Support some vertebrate with soft bodies
  • The pressure of the fluid in the coelem produces movement
  • Example: Starfish, jelly fish, earthworm, leech
 
Importance of support system:
  • Support body weight
  • Maintain body shape
  • Protect internal organs
  • Movement
 
Exoskeleton size with growth
  • Chitin is hard and cannot be expanded
    • Inhibit the growth of animals
  • Ways to overcome
    • Ecdysis: moutling the exoskeleton repeatedly before reaching adulthood
  • Ecdysis process  
    • A new and soft exoskeleton is formed under the old skeleton
    • The animals will suck in air to expand their bodies 
    • The action of sucking air will break the previous exoskeleton that is hard
    • Rapid growth will occur to increase the size of the organism before the new exoskeleton hardens
    • Hormone control every stage of the ecdysis
  • The diagram below shows the step-shaped growth curve graph of animals with exoskeleton
 

 
Relating the hydrostatic skeleton with movement
  • Earthworm has hydrostatic skeleton
  • It moves with the aid of chaetae
  • It has 2 types of muscle
    • Circular muscles
    • Longitudinal muscles
  • Muscles in earthworm act antagonistically and it exerts a hydrostatic pressure on the fluid in the earthworm body
 

 
The human skeletal system
  • Axial skeleton: skull, vertebral column, sternum and ribs
  • Appendicular skeleton: pectoral girdle, the upper limbs, pelvic girdle and lower limbs
 

 
Skull
  • Cranial bones - protect the brains
  • Facial bones - provide the basic shape for the face and support the teeth
Vertebral column
  • Consists of 33 small bones of vertebrae
  • Protect the spinal cord
Clavicle
  • Parts of pectoral girdles - connects the upper limbs to axial skeleton
Scapula
  • Parts of pectoral girdles - connects the upper limbs to axial skeleton
Ribs
  • Consists of 12 pairs of ribs that joined to the thoracic vertebra
  • Seven pairs of ribs connect to sternum and three more connect to cartilage 
  • Protect main organs
Sternum
  • Connects 7 pairs of ribs
Humerus
  • The upper end of humerus connects to the pectoral girdle
  • The lower end connects to ulna and radius
Pelvic girdle
  • Formed from a pair of hip bones
  • Connect to the axial skeleton
  • Supports weight, protects the bladder and the reproductive organs
Ulna
  • Attached to carpus bones to form the wrist
Radius
  • Attached to carpus bones to form the wrist
Metacarpus
  • Attached to carpus bones
  • Form the palm 
Phalanx
  • Attached to metacarpus bones
  • Form the fingers
Femur
  • Upper end of the femur connects to pelvic girdle
  • Lower end of the femur attached to tibia and fibula
Patella
  • Functions primarily as an anatomic pulley for the quadriceps muscle
Fibula
  • The bones of calf
  • Attached to the tarsus, the ankle
Tibia
  • The bones of calf
  • Attached to the tarsus, the ankle
Metatarsus
  • Attached to tarsus to form the foot
Phalanx
  • Attached to metatarsus to form the bone of toe
 
Factor of stability in animals
Centre of gravity Base area
The lower the position of the center of gravity, the higher its stability The larger the base area, the higher its stability
Tortoise, mice Crocodiles, crabs
The giraffe lowers the center of gravity while drinking water so that it does not fall easily Kangaroos use their tails as strut to increase base area when not moving

 

Support, Movement and Growth in Animals

6.1 Support, Movement and Growth in Animals
 
Skeleton

Skeleton is the support system for all types of animals

There are 3 types of support:

 

Support

 
Type of support Explanation and Example
Endoskeleton
  • Support all vertebrates
  • Made up of internal bones and cartilage
  • Example: Cat, frog, fish, crocodile
Exoskeleton
  • Support most invertebrate 
  • Consists of an outer layer of waxy chitin or shell
  • Example: Spider, prawn, scorpion, crab
Hydrostatic skeleton
  • Support some vertebrate with soft bodies
  • The pressure of the fluid in the coelem produces movement
  • Example: Starfish, jelly fish, earthworm, leech
 
Importance of support system:
  • Support body weight
  • Maintain body shape
  • Protect internal organs
  • Movement
 
Exoskeleton size with growth
  • Chitin is hard and cannot be expanded
    • Inhibit the growth of animals
  • Ways to overcome
    • Ecdysis: moutling the exoskeleton repeatedly before reaching adulthood
  • Ecdysis process  
    • A new and soft exoskeleton is formed under the old skeleton
    • The animals will suck in air to expand their bodies 
    • The action of sucking air will break the previous exoskeleton that is hard
    • Rapid growth will occur to increase the size of the organism before the new exoskeleton hardens
    • Hormone control every stage of the ecdysis
  • The diagram below shows the step-shaped growth curve graph of animals with exoskeleton
 

 
Relating the hydrostatic skeleton with movement
  • Earthworm has hydrostatic skeleton
  • It moves with the aid of chaetae
  • It has 2 types of muscle
    • Circular muscles
    • Longitudinal muscles
  • Muscles in earthworm act antagonistically and it exerts a hydrostatic pressure on the fluid in the earthworm body
 

 
The human skeletal system
  • Axial skeleton: skull, vertebral column, sternum and ribs
  • Appendicular skeleton: pectoral girdle, the upper limbs, pelvic girdle and lower limbs
 

 
Skull
  • Cranial bones - protect the brains
  • Facial bones - provide the basic shape for the face and support the teeth
Vertebral column
  • Consists of 33 small bones of vertebrae
  • Protect the spinal cord
Clavicle
  • Parts of pectoral girdles - connects the upper limbs to axial skeleton
Scapula
  • Parts of pectoral girdles - connects the upper limbs to axial skeleton
Ribs
  • Consists of 12 pairs of ribs that joined to the thoracic vertebra
  • Seven pairs of ribs connect to sternum and three more connect to cartilage 
  • Protect main organs
Sternum
  • Connects 7 pairs of ribs
Humerus
  • The upper end of humerus connects to the pectoral girdle
  • The lower end connects to ulna and radius
Pelvic girdle
  • Formed from a pair of hip bones
  • Connect to the axial skeleton
  • Supports weight, protects the bladder and the reproductive organs
Ulna
  • Attached to carpus bones to form the wrist
Radius
  • Attached to carpus bones to form the wrist
Metacarpus
  • Attached to carpus bones
  • Form the palm 
Phalanx
  • Attached to metacarpus bones
  • Form the fingers
Femur
  • Upper end of the femur connects to pelvic girdle
  • Lower end of the femur attached to tibia and fibula
Patella
  • Functions primarily as an anatomic pulley for the quadriceps muscle
Fibula
  • The bones of calf
  • Attached to the tarsus, the ankle
Tibia
  • The bones of calf
  • Attached to the tarsus, the ankle
Metatarsus
  • Attached to tarsus to form the foot
Phalanx
  • Attached to metatarsus to form the bone of toe
 
Factor of stability in animals
Centre of gravity Base area
The lower the position of the center of gravity, the higher its stability The larger the base area, the higher its stability
Tortoise, mice Crocodiles, crabs
The giraffe lowers the center of gravity while drinking water so that it does not fall easily Kangaroos use their tails as strut to increase base area when not moving