Nervous System

12.2 Nervous System
 
  • Consists of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)
 

Central Nervous System:

  • Brain
  • Spinal cord
 

Peripheral Nervous System:

  • Cranial nerves
    • The branch from the brain
    • Connect the brain, sensory organs, and effector at the head
  • Spinal nerves
    • The branch from the spinal cord
    • Connect the spinal cord, sensory organs, and effector at the other parts of the body
  • Sensory receptors
    • Place at end of the cranial nerves and spinal nerves in organs
 
Central Nervous System
 
Human brain and spinal cord:
 

Hypothalamus

Function:

  • Regulates homeostasis such as blood osmotic pressure and body temperature
  • Regulates sleep, hunger, and thirst
  • Controls the release of hormones from the pituitary gland
  • Regulates the coordination of the endocrine and nervous systems
 

Cerebrum

  • The largest part of the brain, consisting of two hemispheres
  • The left hemisphere controls activity on the right side of the body and vice versa

Function:

  • Controls all activities of the mind (thinking, memory, learning, reasoning, personality)
  • Interpret information from receptors
  • Controlling skeletal muscle action (controlled muscle movement)
 

Pituitary gland

  • Located below the hypothalamus
  • Divided into two lobes: the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe of the pituitary

Function:

  • Secretes hormones to regulate the growth of the body and other endocrine glands
 

Thalamus

Function:

  • Organizes incoming and outgoing information in the central cortex
  • Integrates information from sensory receptors and enhances signals to the brain
 

Medulla oblongata

Function:

  • Regulates uncontrolled (autonomic) actions such as heartbeat, peristalsis and respiration
  • Reflex centres (blinking, coughing and sneezing)
 

 Cerebellum

  • Divided into two hemispheres

Function:

  • Coordinates muscle contraction (regulates body movements)
  • Receive information on posture and position
  • Controls body balance and produces precise movements
 

Functions of the spinal cord:

  • Located between the ventrible poles
  • Functions to control reflex actions and deliver signals to and from the brain
 

Peripheral Nervous System:

  • Peripheral nerves consist of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems
  • The somatic nervous system controls all voluntary actions
  • The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary actions such as heartbeat and blood vessel contraction
  • The function of the peripheral nervous system is to connect sensory receptors and effectors to the central nervous system
 

 

Nervous System

12.2 Nervous System
 
  • Consists of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)
 

Central Nervous System:

  • Brain
  • Spinal cord
 

Peripheral Nervous System:

  • Cranial nerves
    • The branch from the brain
    • Connect the brain, sensory organs, and effector at the head
  • Spinal nerves
    • The branch from the spinal cord
    • Connect the spinal cord, sensory organs, and effector at the other parts of the body
  • Sensory receptors
    • Place at end of the cranial nerves and spinal nerves in organs
 
Central Nervous System
 
Human brain and spinal cord:
 

Hypothalamus

Function:

  • Regulates homeostasis such as blood osmotic pressure and body temperature
  • Regulates sleep, hunger, and thirst
  • Controls the release of hormones from the pituitary gland
  • Regulates the coordination of the endocrine and nervous systems
 

Cerebrum

  • The largest part of the brain, consisting of two hemispheres
  • The left hemisphere controls activity on the right side of the body and vice versa

Function:

  • Controls all activities of the mind (thinking, memory, learning, reasoning, personality)
  • Interpret information from receptors
  • Controlling skeletal muscle action (controlled muscle movement)
 

Pituitary gland

  • Located below the hypothalamus
  • Divided into two lobes: the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe of the pituitary

Function:

  • Secretes hormones to regulate the growth of the body and other endocrine glands
 

Thalamus

Function:

  • Organizes incoming and outgoing information in the central cortex
  • Integrates information from sensory receptors and enhances signals to the brain
 

Medulla oblongata

Function:

  • Regulates uncontrolled (autonomic) actions such as heartbeat, peristalsis and respiration
  • Reflex centres (blinking, coughing and sneezing)
 

 Cerebellum

  • Divided into two hemispheres

Function:

  • Coordinates muscle contraction (regulates body movements)
  • Receive information on posture and position
  • Controls body balance and produces precise movements
 

Functions of the spinal cord:

  • Located between the ventrible poles
  • Functions to control reflex actions and deliver signals to and from the brain
 

Peripheral Nervous System:

  • Peripheral nerves consist of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems
  • The somatic nervous system controls all voluntary actions
  • The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary actions such as heartbeat and blood vessel contraction
  • The function of the peripheral nervous system is to connect sensory receptors and effectors to the central nervous system
 

 

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