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- Enzymes are needed in small amount.
- Enzymes are not breaking down at the end of the reaction.
- Action of enzymes are specific due to presence of active sites.
- Most of chemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes are reversible.
- Enzymes are sensitive to temperature and pH.
- Some enzymes require cofactors in their activities.
- Enzymes activities can be slowed or stopped by inhibitors such as lead.
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Intracellular and extracellular enzymes: |
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Intracellular enzymes |
Extracellular enzymes |
- Enzymes are synthesized in a cell for their own use.
- Example: The hexokinase enzyme is used in the glycolysis process during cellular respiration.
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- Enzymes that are secreted outside the cell.
- Example: The trypsin enzyme is produced by the pancreatic cells and secreted into the duodenum to break down polypeptides.
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Extracellular action:
- In the nucleus, the information for the synthesis of enzymes is carried by the DNA in a form of codes.
- mRNA is formed to translate the codes into a sequence.
- mRNA leaves the nucleus and binds with ribosome for the synthesis of protein to occur.
- The synthesized protein is transported enters the lumen of the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
- The protein is processed and packaged into a transport vesicle which buds off from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to transports the protein to the Golgi apparatus
- In Golgi apparatus, the protein is modified to form an enzyme and is packaged in a secretory vesicle which transports the enzymes to the plasma membrane.
- The secretory vesicle will fuse with the plasma membrane to release the enzymes out of the cell.
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Mechanism of enzyme action: |
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- The enzyme represented by a 'lock'
- The substrate represented by a 'key'
- Most reactions inside the cell require high activation energy.
- Activation energy is the energy needed to break the bond in the substrate molecule before reaction can occur.
- Enzyme function by lowering the activation energy.
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Factors affecting the activity of enzymes: |
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Factor affecting the activity of enzymes |
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- Enzyme concentration (limiting factor: substrate concentration)
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- Substrate concentration (limiting factor: enzyme concentration)
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Temperature: |
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- At low temperature, the rate of enzymatic reaction is low.
- The rate of enzyme reaction increases as the temperature increases.
- This is because of the activation energy of the substrate molecules increases.
- Therefore, more collision between the enzymes substrate molecule increases the formation of an enzyme-substrate complex.
- The reaction is the maximum at the optimum temperature.
- After the optimum temperature, the rate of reaction decreases because the enzyme is denatured in which the bonds that form the structure of the enzyme are changed.
- This causes the active site to lose its shape.
- Therefore, the enzyme-substrate complex can no longer be formed.
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pH: |
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- Optimum pH is the pH at which the rate of reaction is at the maximum.
- Small changes in the pH value of a medium will cause the enzyme to be denatured.
- The shape of the active site will change.
- Therefore, the enzyme-substrate complex cannot be formed again.
- Different enzymes have different optimum pH:
- The optimum pH of pepsin is pH 2
- The optimum pH of amylase is pH 7
- The optimum pH of trypsin is ph 8.5
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Substrate concentration: |
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- The higher the concentration of substrate, the higher the rate of reaction as more substrate molecules bind to the active site of the enzymes to form the enzyme-substrate complex.
- The rate of reaction becomes low when it reaches the maximum point because all of the active sites have been filled up.
- At this point, the enzyme concentration is the limiting factor.
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Enzyme concentration: |
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- The higher the concentration of enzymes, the higher the rate of reaction as more active sites for substrate molecules to bind to and form the enzyme-substrate complex.
- The rate of reaction becomes low when it reaches the maximum point because all substrate molecules have bound to the active sites.
- At this point, the substrate concentration is the limiting factor.
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