Relationship between Temperature of a Planet and the Sun

Thoretically, planets that are closer to the Sun would receive more heat. However, the situation in reality is rather complex. The surface temperature (°C) for each planet is : 

• Mercury - (-173°C to 427°C)
• Venus - (462°C)
• Earth - (-89.2°C to 56.7°C)
• Mars - (-143°C to 35°C)
• Jupiter - (-108°C)
• Saturn - (-139°C)
• Uranus - (-197.2°C)
• Neptune - (-201°C)

Relationship between Density and Gravitational Pull of the Planets

• The gravity on the surface of a planet depends on its mass and density
• The gravity of Mercury and Mars is lower than Earth as their masses are lower than Earth
• The gravity of Venus is almost same as Earth, as their mass is almost same
• The gravity of Jupiter is much higher than Earth as the mass is extremely high
• Saturn, Uranus and Neptune have high mass, but the gravity is not as high as Earth because these 'giant gas' planets have low density

Relationship between Distance, Time and Speed

• The further a planet is from the Sun, the more time it needs to orbit the Sun

Rotational direction of the planets

• They rotate from west to east except Venus and Uranus
• Venus rotates from east to west 
• Uranus rotates on its side

What happens if the rotation of the Earth slos down or stops completely?

1. Change in high and low tides
2. Longer day and night duration in two different parts of the Earth
3. More desert areas in parts of the Earth that faces the Sun
4. Temperature will drop in areas of the Earth that do not receive sunlight