Coordinate and Response

12.1

Coordinate and Response

Multicellular organisms need to respond to environmental changes
This response will be coordinated by organs and organ systems in the body
The changes in the environment are known as stimuli
External stimuli are changes in the external environment such as light, sound, smell, taste, the surrounding temperature, pain, pressure, and touch
Internal stimuli are changes in the internal environment in the body such as blood pressure, blood pH, body temperature, osmotic pressure, carbon dioxide partial pressure, and blood sugar level
The stimulus can be detected by an organism using receptors
Receptors are specialized cells in the sensory organs which detect stimuli and trigger nerve impulses
The nerve impulse will send to the integration centre via nerve for analysis
After analysis, the integration centre will send nerve impulses to the effector for producing appropriate responses toward that stimulus
Effectors consist of muscles (smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscles) and glands (endocrine and exocrine glands)
Coordination is the corporation between several organs and organ systems in the body in order to function effectively by producing an appropriate response toward a stimulus
The nervous system and endocrine system are the two main organ systems in communicating and integrating towards the environment

Coordination and response in humans can be illustrated as below:

Stimulus

↓

Sensory receptors

↓

Integrating centre

↓

Effector

↓

Response

12.1

Coordinate and Response

Multicellular organisms need to respond to environmental changes
This response will be coordinated by organs and organ systems in the body
The changes in the environment are known as stimuli
External stimuli are changes in the external environment such as light, sound, smell, taste, the surrounding temperature, pain, pressure, and touch
Internal stimuli are changes in the internal environment in the body such as blood pressure, blood pH, body temperature, osmotic pressure, carbon dioxide partial pressure, and blood sugar level
The stimulus can be detected by an organism using receptors
Receptors are specialized cells in the sensory organs which detect stimuli and trigger nerve impulses
The nerve impulse will send to the integration centre via nerve for analysis
After analysis, the integration centre will send nerve impulses to the effector for producing appropriate responses toward that stimulus
Effectors consist of muscles (smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscles) and glands (endocrine and exocrine glands)
Coordination is the corporation between several organs and organ systems in the body in order to function effectively by producing an appropriate response toward a stimulus
The nervous system and endocrine system are the two main organ systems in communicating and integrating towards the environment

Coordination and response in humans can be illustrated as below:

Stimulus

↓

Sensory receptors

↓

Integrating centre

↓

Effector

↓

Response