Justify the modification of diets for individuals that: (i) experience obesity. (ii) experience a specific disease - diabetes mellitus. - cardiovascular.

Balanced Diet

9.6

Balanced Diet

Energy Value in A Food Sample

A balanced diet refers to a diet that consists of all seven food classes (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, mineral salts, fibre and water) in the correct proportion and balanced quantity according to individual needs so that optimal health can be maintained.
Energy value is the total amount of energy released when one gram of food is oxidised completely.
The energy value in food is measured in the form of heat energy, that is, in kilojoule per gram (\(\text{kJg}^{-1}\)).
Another unit of heat energy is calorie.
1 calorie or 4.2 joule is defined as the quantity of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram water by 1 degree Celsius (°C) at a pressure of 1 standard atmosphere.
Formula of energy value of food (\(\text{kJg}^{-1}\)):

\(\text{Energy value of food}\space \text{(kJg)}^{-1}\)= \(\dfrac{\text{a (g)}\times4.2\\ \space \times\space\text{b}}{\text{c (g)} \times 1000}\)

Where:

The Contents of Vitamin C in Fruit or Vegetables Juices

The nutrient content in various types of food is different.
For example, the vitamin C content in fruits and vegetables are different.
One of the factors that affect the loss of vitamin C content is temperature.
Therefore, fruit or vegetables must be kept at a suitable temperature range to preserve vitamin C.

\(\text{Percentage of vitamin C}\) = \(\dfrac{\text{a}}{\text{b}}\times0.1\%\)

Where:

\(\text{Vitamin C concentration} \\ \text{(mg ml)}^{-1}\) = \(\dfrac{\text{a}}{\text{b}}\times1.0\%\)

Where:

Diet Modifications For Specific Individuals

A balanced diet for each individual will vary according to lifestyle, health conditions and specific nutritional requirements.
Each individual must make wise choices based on a nutrition guide.
For example, suggestions for nutritional needs can be made based on Pinggan Sihat Malaysia.
Pinggan Sihat Malaysia illustrates the relative quantity of various food classes in a balanced diet.
Excessive food intake that is rich in saturated fats can cause health problems such as obesity and cardiovascular diseases.
Cancer patients who are undergoing cancer treatment, need to modify their diet to ensure they receive sufficient energy, reduce the risk of infections and enable quick recovery.

9.6

Balanced Diet

Energy Value in A Food Sample

A balanced diet refers to a diet that consists of all seven food classes (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, mineral salts, fibre and water) in the correct proportion and balanced quantity according to individual needs so that optimal health can be maintained.
Energy value is the total amount of energy released when one gram of food is oxidised completely.
The energy value in food is measured in the form of heat energy, that is, in kilojoule per gram (\(\text{kJg}^{-1}\)).
Another unit of heat energy is calorie.
1 calorie or 4.2 joule is defined as the quantity of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram water by 1 degree Celsius (°C) at a pressure of 1 standard atmosphere.
Formula of energy value of food (\(\text{kJg}^{-1}\)):

\(\text{Energy value of food}\space \text{(kJg)}^{-1}\)= \(\dfrac{\text{a (g)}\times4.2\\ \space \times\space\text{b}}{\text{c (g)} \times 1000}\)

Where:

The Contents of Vitamin C in Fruit or Vegetables Juices

The nutrient content in various types of food is different.
For example, the vitamin C content in fruits and vegetables are different.
One of the factors that affect the loss of vitamin C content is temperature.
Therefore, fruit or vegetables must be kept at a suitable temperature range to preserve vitamin C.

\(\text{Percentage of vitamin C}\) = \(\dfrac{\text{a}}{\text{b}}\times0.1\%\)

Where:

\(\text{Vitamin C concentration} \\ \text{(mg ml)}^{-1}\) = \(\dfrac{\text{a}}{\text{b}}\times1.0\%\)

Where:

Diet Modifications For Specific Individuals

A balanced diet for each individual will vary according to lifestyle, health conditions and specific nutritional requirements.
Each individual must make wise choices based on a nutrition guide.
For example, suggestions for nutritional needs can be made based on Pinggan Sihat Malaysia.
Pinggan Sihat Malaysia illustrates the relative quantity of various food classes in a balanced diet.
Excessive food intake that is rich in saturated fats can cause health problems such as obesity and cardiovascular diseases.
Cancer patients who are undergoing cancer treatment, need to modify their diet to ensure they receive sufficient energy, reduce the risk of infections and enable quick recovery.

Form 4 Biology

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